| Solar panel | Solar array are components that convert sunlight into using PV cells. They are an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, usually used for hot water production or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or electricity production. It is a green and eco-friendly technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the UK known for its rich cultural traditions, notable attractions, and lively cities like the capital. It boasts a diverse scenery of rolling hills, historic forts, and bustling urban centers that mix heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental radiance emitted by the sun, essential for existence on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy due to the motion of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels innumerable devices and systems, facilitating contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction movement of electric charge, usually produced by cell packs, power sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, making it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into electric power to power various electronic gadgets. It comprises multiple electrochemical units, each housing anode and cathode divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into AC appropriate for household use and utility connection. It is vital for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing reliable, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes direction regularly, usually used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It provides optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to ascertain the extent, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, thermometers, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive plants that harness sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a renewable and renewable energy resource, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that gather solar radiation and generate power. This energy is then beamed to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the power grid for future use, improving energy independence and efficiency. These solutions commonly employ batteries to offer backup power, reduce energy expenses, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of photovoltaic cells tracks the progress and advancements in solar energy tech from the initial invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-efficiency solar arrays. It showcases major breakthroughs, including the invention of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and ongoing developments that have greatly boosted energy transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession famous for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His experiments laid the basis for comprehending how radiation interacts with specific media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States creator who developed the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous R&D organization historically associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a hard, breakable crystalline solid with a steel-gray shine, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little device installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system performance, facilitates enhanced performance oversight, and improves power output in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a component that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to provide a renewable and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a elementary particle that represents a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It has a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which certain materials convert sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental principle behind photovoltaic technology, enabling the capturing of solar energy for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a thin slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the base for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and fixed equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as users, fixtures, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the same voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the rate at which electrical energy flows by an electrical circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and renewable energy, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of power in the metric system, indicating the rate of energy flow or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric voltage difference between two points, which causes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the power per individual charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of electrical potential, voltage difference, and voltage in the metric system. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electricity through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is essential for powering electronic gadgets and allowing the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the standard of electrical flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the layout and size of power systems to ensure secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a simple and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for recharging and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) from inputs like cells or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the operation of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the position of photovoltaic panels to track the sun movement throughout the daytime, enhancing solar energy capture. This technology increases the efficiency of solar energy collection by ensuring best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the energy production of photovoltaic systems by regularly modifying the performance point to align with the peak power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure provides the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and examines the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, offering useful data on energy generation and system health. It aids maximize solar energy output by spotting problems early and ensuring highest output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless tiny silicon crystals, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and recrystallizing silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline structure suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a premium form of silicon with a continuous crystal framework, making it highly efficient for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its consistent structure allows for better electron transfer, resulting in superior performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a type of film solar method that provides a cost-effective and effective option for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their high absorption capability and comparatively reduced manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar devices that use a layered material of Cu, In, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into energy effectively. They are known for their high absorption efficiency, flexibility, and possibility for portable, cost-effective solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered molecular structure, making it easier to handle and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its economic advantage and adaptable features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that utilize multiple p-n junctions layered in tandem to collect a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. These are primarily employed in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that convert sunlight into electric power to power onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ optics or mirrors to direct sunlight onto highly efficient multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is perfect for massive solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, offering a cost-effective option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a slender layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These films are important in electronics, optical systems, and coverings for their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a stratum of compound spanning a few nanometers to multiple micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to alter surface properties or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are precision devices used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or depths, commonly in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a thin, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the platform for constructing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the fabrication of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are compact solar units famous for their superior output and flexibility, making them suitable for multiple fields. They employ a layered semiconductor structure that converts sunlight directly into power with remarkable efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into energy using photovoltaic cells, providing a green energy source for residential, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They deliver a clean, renewable, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that use carbon-based compounds, to turn sunlight into electricity. They are easy to handle, pliable, and enable more affordable, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising semiconductor material used in layer solar modules due to its plentiful and non-toxic elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an desirable option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of construction components, such as rooftops, facades, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves applying a transparent film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations details various massive solar energy facilities around the planet, showcasing their output and sites. These plants serve a important role in green energy generation and global efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive facilities that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in renewable energy generation, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as waste, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, breezes, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable alternative to traditional fuels, decreasing environmental harm and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the chief energy sources for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as lead, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how effectively a solar panel generates sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and cost reductions. This growth is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the portion of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a industrial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a transparent device that bending light to bring together or diverge rays, creating images. It is commonly used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It boosts the clarity and illumination of optical devices by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their wave heights negate each other, leading to a decrease or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This event typically happens when these waves are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, mainly utilized in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern over time, enabling cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a compact component used to change DC from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It boosts system performance by optimizing power output at the module level and streamlines installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or alternating current power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage level and current regularly reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in residences and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a category of electrical coupling used to supply direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a round plug and receptacle that provide a reliable and trustworthy connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a global protection certification organization that assesses and certifies products to guarantee they comply with certain protection requirements. It assists consumers and companies recognize dependable and protected products through strict review and testing processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this arrangement, the same electric current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to pass in one direction exclusively, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12-volt, designed to provide electrical power for various devices and add-ons inside of a vehicle. It permits users to charge electronic devices or use small appliances when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting peripheral devices to computers, enabling data transfer and power supply. It backs a broad spectrum of peripherals such as keypads, mouses, external drives, and smartphones, with different generations offering higher speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to increasing energy generation and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio waves to gamma radiation, all possessing different wavelengths and energy levels. This spectrum is essential for a wide array of devices and natural events, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and comprehension of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It serves a key role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on shades of a individual hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This composition approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to measure the strength of energy or power received or emitted over a specific area, commonly in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the dispersion and transfer of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is commonly used to describe the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large volume of air with fairly consistent thermal and moisture properties, deriving from from specific origin zones. These air masses influence weather patterns and atmospheric conditions as they move across various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the measure of the intensity per unit area received from the solar source in the type of solar rays. It varies with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, affecting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar power refers to the accumulation of dust, and impurities on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their performance. Routine maintenance and care are important to limit energy waste and ensure maximum operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, skipping the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the maximum power output of a solar array under ideal sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak ability to generate electricity in conventional testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electrical instrument used to check the voltage between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in different electrical and electronic fields to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in photovoltaic modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic chemical element crucial for plant growth and used in multiple industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical properties that cause it beneficial in creating durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using extensive arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated practice of using land for both solar energy output and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar energy devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo reflection and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides shelter while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of several photovoltaic modules configured to produce electricity from sunlight. It is often used in green energy setups to produce clean, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that delivers shade and cover from the elements for exterior areas. It enhances the practicality and visual charm of a terrace, making it a comfortable zone for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an surveyor to a point of interest. It is often used in navigation, land measurement, and celestial observation to specify the orientation of an celestial body in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin-film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It demonstrates superb optical features, making it a common choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies play a crucial role in promoting solar energy adoption and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to one billion W, used to quantify massive power generation output and consumption. It is typically associated with generating stations, electricity networks, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar power solutions, focused on manufacturing thin-film solar panels that deliver high-performance and economical power generation. The organization is dedicated to sustainable energy development and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly linking various parts of industrial and automation systems to boost productivity and trustworthiness. It concentrates on building innovative solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading Chinese corporation focused on manufacturing and innovating solar solar goods and services. Famous for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion W, often utilized to indicate the potential of massive electricity generation or consumption. It emphasizes the huge energy scale involved in current energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost decreases as cumulative output grows, due to learning and efficiencies obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the value of stored knowledge in lowering costs and boosting output in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, sustainable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy becomes the same as or lower than the cost of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that renewable energy technologies are economically comparable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a system of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is transmitted through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through solar heating systems to produce heat. It represents a sustainable, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious energy source that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in domestic, business, and industrial settings to produce green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered goods features a selection of devices that utilize sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include everything from solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor equipment, offering flexible alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a plant that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses and mirrors to focus solar radiation on advanced photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing power output using less space. This method works well in areas with direct, strong sunlight and offers a viable solution to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
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