| Solar panel | Solar panel are devices that change sunlight into electricity using solar cells. They are an green and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate warmth, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural legacy, iconic landmarks, and bustling cities like London. It boasts a diverse scenery of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that mix tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the organic radiance emitted by the star, essential for life on Earth as it offers power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of power due to the flow of charged particles, primarily electrons. It drives countless appliances and infrastructures, enabling today’s lifestyle and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a reversed electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction stream of electric charge, usually produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, causing it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that holds chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to operate various electronic gadgets. It includes several galvanic cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes interposed by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an green power option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that transforms direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for home use and grid integration. It is vital for enhancing energy performance and ensuring secure, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips polarity regularly, typically used in residential and industrial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to ascertain the dimension, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like rulers, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that automatically its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a green and renewable energy power, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic cells on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This power is then beamed to the planet's surface for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the power grid for later use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These solutions typically utilize batteries to offer backup energy, cut down energy costs, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells tracks the advancement and advancements in solar energy tech from the early discovery of the solar effect to modern high-performance solar panels. It showcases major innovations, including the development of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have greatly improved energy transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His experiments laid the groundwork for grasping how light interacts with certain substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American creator who created the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern photovoltaic technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous research and development entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its key role in the production of electronics and solar cells. It is a hard, brittle crystalline material with a blue-grey sheen, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a small device installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach increases system performance, allows for better performance monitoring, and boosts energy production in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a unit that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in solar panels to supply a renewable and renewable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a elementary particle that represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials transform sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the core foundation behind solar cell technology, facilitating the harnessing of solar sunlight for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a fine slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use thin semiconductor layers only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as occupants, fixtures, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the velocity at which electricity is transferred by an electrical circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and renewable energy, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the SI system, showing the measure of energy flow or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which drives the flow of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the power per individual charge available to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electrical potential, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per charge unit between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the flow of electric charge through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for powering electronic gadgets and allowing the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the standard of electric flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It quantifies the flow of electric charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and power of power systems to ensure safe and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that changes DC from inputs like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It allows the operation of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is a collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the position of solar modules to track the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, optimizing solar energy capture. This system improves the efficiency of solar energy collection by ensuring optimal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to enhance the power generation of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the operating point to correspond to the maximum power point of the solar panels. This procedure provides the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, providing useful data on energy production and system health. It assists enhance solar power output by detecting issues early and guaranteeing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of many minute silicon crystal structures, commonly used in solar panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and reforming silicon to generate a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a continuous lattice framework, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its uniform structure allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in superior functionality compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a category of thin-film solar method that provides a cost-effective and high-performance option for large-scale solar energy generation. They are known as their excellent absorption performance and moderately low manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate solar cells that employ a multi-layered material of copper, indium, gallium, and Se to transform sunlight into electricity effectively. They are known for their excellent light capturing effectiveness, bendability, and capability for lightweight, cost-effective solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous atomic structure, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is often used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its economic advantage and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic panels aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that use multiple p-n connections stacked in tandem to capture a wider range of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. These are mainly applied in space missions and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are essential devices that generate solar radiation into electrical energy to supply onboard systems. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is ideal for massive solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, offering a cost-effective option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and pliant form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological applications. These coatings are important in electronic systems, optics, and coverings for their particular physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in depth, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These layers are used in various industries, including electronic devices, optics, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision gauges used to precisely measure small distances or widths, generally in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a thin, round segment of silicon crystal used as the base for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices known for their superior output and flexibility, ideal for various uses. They employ a layered layered semiconductor setup that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with excellent effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sun rays directly into power using photovoltaic cells, providing a sustainable energy source for home, commercial, and large-scale applications. They deliver a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for transparent and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that employ organic materials, to transform sunlight into electric power. They are compact, bendable, and provide cost-effective, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic compound used in thin-film solar cells due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its favorable optoelectronic properties make it an attractive substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances power savings while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a thin film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building panes to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of photovoltaic power stations details various extensive solar energy facilities around the globe, highlighting their power and positions. These facilities function a important role in renewable energy generation and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are large-scale facilities that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as waste, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as the sun, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable alternative to non-renewable energy sources, reducing environmental impact and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, petroleum, and methane, are limited reserves formed over geological eras and are exhausted when used. They are the primary fuels for power production and vehicle operation but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy types such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and green energy into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, toxic elements such as lead, mercury, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how efficiently a solar cell converts sunlight into usable electrical electricity. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to rapidly assess their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This development is changing the world energy sector by raising the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent device that bending light to focus or separate rays, forming images. It is commonly used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It improves the sharpness and illumination of optical devices by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in such a way that their wave heights cancel each other out, causing a reduction or total eradication of the combined wave. This occurrence usually happens when the waveforms are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, typically used in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave throughout its cycle, permitting efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a miniature device used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It boosts system performance by enhancing energy production at the module level and streamlines setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a system where the voltage level and electric flow periodically reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in homes and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical coupling used to provide DC power from a power source to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that guarantee a firm and trustworthy connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide protection validation body that tests and certifies products to confirm they adhere to particular safety standards. It supports consumers and firms recognize dependable and protected products through thorough evaluation and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this configuration, the constant current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple channels for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to move in one sense only, acting as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, designed to supply electrical power for different devices and attachments inside a vehicle. It enables users to recharge electronic electronics or use small appliances during on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting hardware to computing systems, facilitating data transmission and electric power. It accommodates a broad spectrum of hardware such as keyboards, mice, external storage, and smartphones, with multiple versions providing faster speeds and upgraded features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy generation and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of EM radiation, spanning from radio signals to gamma radiation, all possessing diverse wavelengths and energy levels. This band is fundamental to numerous technological applications and natural events, allowing communication, medical imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It has a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on alterations of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a crucial parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to measure the magnitude of energy or power received or emitted over a defined surface, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in grasping the spread and conveyance of energy across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of various colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big body of air with relatively consistent temp and moisture properties, deriving from from specific starting areas. These air masses impact climate trends and air conditions as they travel over diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the power per square meter received from the Sun in the manner of light. It fluctuates with solar cycles and Earth's weather systems, affecting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar power refers to the buildup of debris, and impurities on the surface of solar panels, which diminishes their performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance are important to reduce energy waste and guarantee best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It creates a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the highest power output of a solar array under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak capacity to generate electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to measure the electrical potential between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi-metal chemical element necessary for plant growth and applied in various industrial applications, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has unique chemical traits that make it beneficial in manufacturing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using extensive arrays of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of using land for both solar energy output and farming, making the most of space and resources. This method boosts crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy production. They are usually installed in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while generating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a group of numerous solar modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to deliver renewable, eco-friendly power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and shelter from the conditions for exterior areas. It boosts the usability and look of a terrace, making it a pleasant zone for relaxation and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a target object. It is often used in routing, surveying, and astronomy to define the orientation of an celestial body in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates excellent optical features, making it a popular choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are key in driving solar energy integration and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a unit of electricity equal to a billion watt, used to measure big energy production and usage. It is commonly associated with electricity stations, power grids, and significant energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in solar power solutions, focused on making thin-film solar cells that offer excellent efficiency and affordable energy production. The organization is committed to green energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in smoothly integrating various components of industrial and automation systems to enhance performance and trustworthiness. It concentrates on creating cutting-edge solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading China's firm expert in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered photovoltaic items and systems. It is known for cutting-edge technology and green energy projects in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often employed to indicate the potential of massive power production or consumption. It underscores the huge energy extent involved in contemporary power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the production cost drops as total output increases, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the significance of stored knowledge in reducing costs and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems transform sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a clean, green energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of generating solar or wind energy is equivalent to or lower than the price of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that renewable energy technologies are economically comparable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a network of power lines, providing a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is delivered through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the sun's rays using solar cells to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It represents a green, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly power supply that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in home, commercial, and industrial settings to produce renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing sustainable energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar energy items features a variety of gadgets that capture sunlight to generate energy, encouraging green and eco-conscious living. These solutions include ranging from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, providing versatile alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a plant that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ optical lenses plus reflectors focusing sunlight onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, significantly increasing energy capture from a smaller area. This method is highly suitable where intense, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to lowering solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
